1. Planning and Design

• Purpose: Retaining walls are used to hold back soil on slopes or to create level areas. Understand the height, location, and purpose of your wall.
• Materials: Choose from concrete blocks, natural stone, brick, timber, or steel. Concrete blocks and natural stone are most common for durability.
• Height Considerations: For walls taller than 1.2 metres, consult a professional, as taller walls require engineering for stability.
• Drainage: Proper drainage is essential to prevent water buildup behind the wall, which can cause failure. Plan for weep holes or drainage pipes.

2. Preparation

• Site Assessment: Check the area for any utilities, slopes, or obstructions.
• Measure and Mark: Use stakes and string to mark the boundaries of the wall. Ensure it is level.
• Excavation: Dig a trench where the wall’s base will sit. The depth should be 6-12 inches depending on wall height and material choice.
• Base Layer: Add a layer of gravel or crushed stone (4-6 inches) for stability and proper drainage.

3. Building the Wall

• First Layer: Lay the first row of blocks or stones, ensuring they are level and stable. This layer is the most crucial for the wall’s structural integrity.
• Subsequent Layers: Place each layer of material, slightly offset from the one below it (like bricks in a pattern) to create a staggered joint for strength.
• Backfilling: As you build, backfill behind the wall with gravel or drainage rock to allow water to flow through and reduce pressure on the wall.
• Compacting: Use a tamper or plate compactor to compact each layer of gravel or soil as you backfill.

4. Drainage

• Weep Holes: Include drainage pipes or weep holes (small holes drilled at the bottom of the wall) to allow water to escape.
• Drainage Pipe: Lay a perforated pipe behind the wall at the base, leading water away from the wall to prevent pressure buildup.

5. Finishing

• Capping: Add capstones to the top of the wall for a finished, polished look.
• Landscaping: Once the wall is built, plant vegetation or add mulch around the base for aesthetic appeal.

6. Maintenance

• Inspect Regularly: Check for cracks, bulging, or leaning, especially after heavy rain or storms.
• Ensure Proper Drainage: Make sure weep holes or drainage pipes remain clear of debris to prevent water buildup.
• Repair Damage: Address any cracks, shifting, or settling promptly to prevent larger issues.